Helping the planet, one inhaler at a time

HN Summary

• Environmental impact: At St. Joseph’s Health Care London and London Health Sciences Centre, nearly 70% of 53,000 inhalers dispensed in 2024 were MDIs using HFA propellants — generating emissions equal to a car circling the Earth 96 times.

• Recycling solution: The Go Zero Recycle program, supported by AstraZeneca, collects and recycles inhalers and aerochambers, safely capturing harmful propellants.

• Lower-carbon options: Led by Dr. Constance Mackenzie and supported by the Canadian Thoracic Society, the initiative promotes effective non-propellant inhalers and sustainable prescribing.

Prescription inhalers can be lifesavers for people with chronic breathing conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Ironically, though, many of these devices are not as healthy for the planet as they are for patients.

A recent study shows that metered-dose inhalers containing propellants called hydrofluoroalkanes (HFAs) contribute significantly to climate-changing pollution.

Now St. Joseph’s Health Care London, along with London Health Sciences Centre, is leading an initiative to help change that. 

The Go Zero Recycle program (supported by pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca) collects and recycles all types of inhalers and aerochambers, including recapturing the problematic propellant.  

Drop-off boxes for used inhalers of all types are located at St. Joseph’s outpatient clinics.

“In 2024, St. Joseph’s and London Health Sciences Centre dispensed more than 53,000 inhalers, and close to 70 per cent of these are MDIs,” says St. Joseph’s respirologist Dr. Constance Mackenzie, who spearheaded the initiative locally.

These inhalers alone released carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) equal to a gas-powered car circling the Earth 96 times, she says.

“We’re not telling people to stop what’s working for them, and we definitely don’t want people to stop using their inhalers without an alternate treatment plan in place. At the same time, we want patients to know there might be other options that work as well or better for them and have a gentler environmental impact,” says respirologist Dr. Constance Mackenzie, who spearheaded the initiative locally.

Put another way, one 120-dose inhaler using HFAs can have the same environmental impact as a car trip from London to Toronto.

“Someone with asthma or COPD might need one or two of these inhalers each month,” Mackenzie notes. “Most people don’t know what to do with the inhalers once they are empty or left over after a change in prescription.”  

These cartridges can still release greenhouse gases after they are discarded, so they should never be placed in household garbage or regular recycling. While they can be returned to a pharmacy for eventual incineration, this new recycling program offers a better alternative.

One study estimates two-thirds of inhaler medications prescribed globally use HFAs as a propellant. A US-based study published in the prestigious JAMA medical journal says 1.6 billion inhalers were dispensed in the US, from 2014 to 2024 alone, generating almost 25 million tonnes of CO2e —  equivalent to the annual greenhouse-gas impact from electrification of five million homes, the report says.

Non-propellant inhaler options

St. Joseph’s is taking an approach to reduce and recycle – and replace where appropriate.

“We’re not telling people to stop what’s working for them, and we definitely don’t want people to stop using their inhalers without an alternate treatment plan in place.” Mackenzie emphasizes.  

“At the same time, we want patients to know there might be other options that work as well or better for them and have a gentler environmental impact.

Non-propellant options include types of inhalers containing dry powdered medicine or a mist released as tiny breathable particles when inhaled through the mouth.

The Canadian Thoracic Society supports sustainable inhaler prescribing, she notes. It also recommends shared education and decision-making about the best inhaler for patients, along with a co-ordinated systems approach by clinicians, patients, health organizations, regulators and manufacturers.

“We want to ensure sustainability and planetary health while we also improve patient health,” Mackenzie says.

“The recycling bin and posters have sparked a lot of conversation among the patients. I’ve also shared information with my colleagues about the amount of waste and greenhouse gases produced by inhalers, and it’s been a real eye-opener for everyone,” says St. Joseph’s clinical manager Kelly Muhsin. “I’m so pleased that we’ve included this initiative in our program – and that we have such a passionate champion in Dr. Mackenzie.” 

Deb Van Brenk Flaherty is a member of the communication and public affairs team at St. Joseph’s Health Care London.